Research Progress of Regulatory T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Myeloma --Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

The multiple myeloma (MM), the second most common hematologic malignancy, is malignant proliferative disease of plasma cells. Although the application of many targeted drugs has significantly prolonged the survival time of MM patients, it is still an incurable disease. In recent years, the immunosuppression caused by interaction between tumor microenvironment(TME) and tumor cells has attracted people's attention gradually. As a kind of immunosuppressive cells in TME, regulatory T cells (Treg) play an important role in the progress of MM. Treg is related to the proliferation and metastasis of tumors, and can lead to the progress of MM by promoting the angiogenesis and generating immunosuppressive TME. In this review, we briefly summarized the latest research progress on the impact of Treg on the pathogenesis of MM.

Identification of pathogenic variants in three Chinese patients with McCune-Albright syndrome / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the genetic basis for three Chinese patients with McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS).@*METHODS@#Three children who had respectively presented at Shandong Provincial Hospital in April 2019 and Peking Union Medical College Hospital in August 2020 and May 2021 were selected as the research subjects. Peripheral blood samples of the probands and their family members were taken for the extraction of genomic DNA. Potential variants were screened by whole exome sequencing (WES), and candidate variants were validated by Sanger sequencing of the patients and their family members.@*RESULTS@#The proband from family 1 was found to harbor a heterozygous c.601C>T (p.R201C) missense variant in exon 8 of the GNAS gene, whilst the probands from families 2 and 3 were both found to harbor a heterozygous c.602G>A (p.R201H) missense variant in exon 8 of the GNAS gene. Both variants were known to be pathogenic, and all probands were found to be mosaics for the corresponding variants but with various degrees.@*CONSLUSION@#WES can effectively diagnose MAS and other somatic genetic disorders. In this study, the combined WES and Sanger sequencing have verified the degree of mosaicisms of pathogenic variants in the three MAS patients, albeit no apparent correlation was found between the degree of mosaicisms and the phenotype of patients. Above finding has provided a basis for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for the affected families.

Preliminary analysis of the effect of individualized voice therapy on pediatric voice disorders / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Objective:To determine the effectiveness of individualized voice therapy in persistent pediatric voice disorders. Methods:Thirty-eight children who were admitted to the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University due to persistent voice disorder from November 2021 to October 2022 were included. All children were evaluated by dynamic laryngoscopy before voice therapy. Two voice doctors performed GRBAS score and acoustic analysis on the children's voice samples to obtain the relevant parameters including F0, Jitter, Shimmer, and MPT; All children were given personalized voice therapy for 8 weeks. Results:Among 38 children with voice disorders, 75.8%（29 cases） were diagnosed with vocal nodules, 20.6%（8 cases） were vocal polyps, and 3.4%（1 case） were vocal cysts. And in all children. And 51.7%（20 cases） had the sign of supraglottic extrusion under dynamic laryngoscopy. GRBAS scores decreased from 1.93 ± 0.62, 1.82 ± 0.55, 0.98 ± 0.54, 0.65 ± 0.48, 1.05 ± 0.52 to 0.62 ± 0.60, 0.58 ± 0.53, 0.32 ± 0.40, 0.22 ± 0.36, 0.37 ± 0.36. F0, Jitter, Shimmer decreased from（243.11±39.73） Hz, （0.85±0.99）%, （9.96±3.78）% to（225.43±43.20） Hz, （0.33±0.57）%, （7.72±4.32）%, respectively MPT was prolonged from（5.82±2.30） s to（7.87±3.21） s after treatment. All parameters changes had statistical significance. Conclusion:Voice therapy can solve children's voice problems, improve their voice quality and effectively treat children's voice disorders.

Application of corrective calcaneal osteotomy in treatment of malunited calcaneal fractures / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Malunion is a common complication following a calcaneal fracture which was not treated or treated inappropriately.It is a therapeutic target and a great challenge as well to relieve pain, correct deformity and restore the function of the affected foot in clinical treatment of calcaneal malunion. As a result of researches by scholars at home and abroad focusing on the biomechanical mechanisms underlying the symptoms caused by calcaneal malunion, a variety of corrective calcaneal osteotomy has been widely applied in clinical practice to specifically correct the calcaneal deformity and restore normal calcaneal morphology. This review expounds on the techniques, outcomes, indications and complications of corrective calcaneal osteotomies commonly used in clinic.

Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning protects rats against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury by reducing the damage of blood-brain barrier / 国际脑血管病杂志

Objective:To investigate the protective effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preconditioning on cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats.Methods:One hundred and twenty adult male SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group, model group, low-dose LPS group (0.05 mg/kg), medium-dose LPS group (0.15 mg/kg), and high-dose LPS group (0.45 mg/kg). LPS was injected intraperitoneally for preconditioning, once a day for 7 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, the left middle cerebral artery occlusion model was induced by suture-occluded method. The model was reperfused 1.5 h after ischemia. At 24 h after reperfusion, the neurological deficit was evaluated by neurobehavioral score. The volume of cerebral infarction was measured by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) -2 and MMP-9 in ischemic brain tissue was detected by Western blot analysis.Results:Compared with the sham operation group, blood-brain barrier permeability was increased in the model group, serum IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were up-regulated, and the expression of TLR4, MMP-2 and MMP-9 proteins in ischemic brain tissue was up-regulated. Compared with the model group, the neurological impairment of each LPS intervention group was significantly reduced, the volume of cerebral infarction was significantly reduced, the permeability of blood-brain barrier was significantly reduced, the serum IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were down-regulated, and the expression of TLR4, MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein in ischemic brain tissue was down-regulated, especially in the medium-dose group and the high-dose group.Conclusions:LPS preconditioning can induce the formation of ischemic tolerance, inhibit the activation of TLR4-MMP-2/MMP-9 signal pathway, reduce the damage and inflammation of blood-brain barrier structure, and thus play a neuroprotective role in rats with cerebral ischemia reperfusion.

Progress in replicative senescence of mesenchymal stem cells regulated by microenvironment / 生理学报

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a class of pluripotent cells that can self-renew and differentiate. Numerous studies have shown that MSCs have important roles in areas such as regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. However, it is worth noting that MSCs will gradually age during long-term in vitro expansion with decreased stemness such as weakened migration ability, slowed proliferation rate and decreased differentiation potential, which greatly hinders the application of MSCs. Currently, the microenvironment for cell growth is recognized as one of the factors causing senescence in MSCs. Recent studies point out that the latest technologies such as exogenous administration, oxygen concentration regulation and extracellular matrix (ECM) construction can delay stem cell senescence by simulating or regulating the microenvironment. Here, we review the current knowledge of the characteristics and molecular mechanisms of senescent MSCs and microenvironment strategies to maintain MSCs stemness, which can provide a reference for future large-scale application of MSCs preparations in tissue engineering and clinical studies.

Relationship between vitamin D and the incidence and prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus / 国际儿科学杂志

Type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM)is a chronic, immune-mediated disease characterised by the destruction of insulin-producing cells.The specific pathogenesis of T1DM has not been clarified.It is mainly believed that the occurrence of T1DM is caused by the joint action of genetic and environmental factors.The occurrence, development, treatment and prevention of T1DM are urgent problems to be solved.A number of studies have found that vitamin D is involved in the pathological process of many autoimmune diseases and is related to cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and other mechanisms.Vitamin D may play a key role in the pathological mechanism of T1DM.Here we review the relationship between the incidence, prevention and treatment of T1DM and vitamin D.

A novel SIRT6 activator ameliorates neuroinflammation and ischemic brain injury

Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide with limited medications and neuroinflammation was recognized as a critical player in the progression of stroke, but how to control the overactive neuroinflammation is still a long-standing challenge. Here, we designed a novel SIRT6 activator MDL-811 which remarkably inhibited inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and primary mouse microglia, which were abolished by silencing SIRT6. RNA-seq screening identified the forkhead box C1 (

Cause Analysis of “Not Cost-effective at a Zero Price ”Results in Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To pr ovide reference for the future pharmacoeconomic evaluation. METHODS ：Four typical cases of pharmacoeconomic evaluation showed the special situation that “not cost-effective at a zero price ”，defined the concept of “net value”to assist in theoretical analysis ，and summarized the possible causes of this situation . RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The system（ATPS）：an overview and advances in its applica background treatment cost other than the target drug was too high ，the patient ’s quality of life during survival was too low ，the threshold of willingness to pay of incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was too low ，the cost of risk events during extended survival was too high or the health loss was too high ，and the price of the control scheme was too low ，which might affect the results of economic evaluation ，and even le d to the dilemma of pharmacoeconomic evaluation of “not cost-effective at a zero price ”. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation discusses the economy of intervention programs rather than the economy of drugs. The uneconomic results caused by various reasons need to be treated objectively ；theoretically，all“relevant”and“irrelevant”costs should be included in the calculation category in pharmacoeconomic evaluation ；pharmacoeconomics mainly solves the problem of “cost performance”comparison among several treatment schemes ，and the medical and health field often needs to face problems such as ethics and fairness. Therefore ，researchers may need to jump out of the framework of pharmacoeconomics analysis and conduct in-depth discussion from a higher and broader perspective.

Systematic Analysis of Economic Evaluation of Listed PD- 1/PD-L1 Inhibitors in China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for the selection of more economical programmed death- 1（PD-1）/programmed death-ligand 1（PD-L1）inhibitors for National Medical Insurance List and the quality improvement of related economic evaluation. METHODS：Retrieved from CNKI ，VIP，Wanfang database ，PubMed，Web of Science and Ovid Embase ，economic evaluation studies including listed PD- 1/PD-L1 inhibitors of China were collected during the inception to Oct. 2020. CHEERS checklist was used to evaluate the quality of the included literatures ，and the methodological characteristics and economic evaluation results of the included studies were analyzed systematically. RESULTS ：A total of 14 literatures were included ，all of which were model-based and with moderate or high quality. However ，there were still some deficiencies in the included literatures ，mainly manifesting as the insufficient reports on the reasons for setting or selecting model parameters ，as well as the great uncertainty of clinical effect data and utility value. Only 3 of the 8 PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors listed in China were involved in the included literatures. Compared with chemotherapy or targeted therapy plan ，9 literatures（64.29％）showed that the therapy plan containing PD- 1/PD-L1 inhibitors was not cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS ：The economic evidence of domestic PD- 1/PD-L1 inhibitors is lacking ，the higher price of imported PD- 1/PD-L1 inhibitors lead to poor economic performance. The existing economic evaluations has some shortcomings in methodological application and parameter selection. Pharmaceutical enterprises should fill in the data gaps and adjust the pricing strategy，researchers should improve the standardization of research ，and medical insurance decision-making departments should improve the judgment on the quality of economic evidences ，so as to promote more economical drugs to be included in the National Medical Insurance List.

Daratumumab combined with chemotherapy bridging to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation followed by daratumumab and lenalidomide maintenance therapy for primary plasma cell leukemia: report of one case and review of literature / 白血病·淋巴瘤

Objective:To observe the therapeutic efficacy and prognosis of daratumumab combined with chemotherapy bridging to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) followed by daratumumab and lenalidomide maintenance treatment for primary plasma cell leukemia (PCL).Methods:The clinical data of a patient with primary PCL admitted to the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province in January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, and relevant literatures were reviewed.Results:The patient was diagnosed with primary PCL and treated with daratumumab combined with BD (bortezomib + dexamethasone) for 1 course and BCDD (bortezomib + cyclophosphamide + liposomaldoxorubicin + dexamethasone) for two courses. The patient was treated with daratumumab combined with allo-HSCT after complete remission. The donor cells were successfully implanted and the chimerism rate of donor cells was 94.36% without acute graft-versus-host disease reaction. And then the patient received intermittent maintenance therapy of daratumumab combined with low dose lenalidomide after transplantation, and the current remission period after transplantation reached 4 months.Conclusions:Daratumumab combined with chemotherapy bridging to allo-HSCT followed by daratumumab and lenalidomide may improve the prognosis of primary PCL and prolong survival time.

Pharmacoeconomic Evaluation of Enalapril Folic Acid Tablet and Enalapril Tablet for Stroke Prevention in Patients with Hypertension / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To evaluate the pharmacoec onomics of Enalapril folic acid tablet and Enalapril tablet for stroke prevention in patients with hypertension. METHODS ：Markov model was constructed by using Excel 2016 software. Patients with essential hypertension were selected as the research object with 1 year cycle and 20 years horizon. From the perspective of health system，the pharmacoeconomics of Enalapril folic acid tablets versus Enalapril tablets for stroke prevention in patients with hypertension was compared by cost-effectiveness analysis ，and the stability of the research results was verified by sensitivity analysis. RESULTS ：Compared with Enalapril tablet ，the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of Enalapril folic acid tablet was 221 323 yuan/QALY，which was higher than three times of China ’s per capita GDP in 2020（217 341.04 yuan）. The results of single factor sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis were consistent with that of basic analysis. CONCLUSIONS ： Compared with Enalapril tablet ，Enalapril folic acid tablet doesn ’t have a better economy for patients with hypertension.

Clinical analysis of 31 lung metastases patients by percutaneous thermal ablation in a single center / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To explore the factors that affect the accuracy of percutaneous thermal ablation of lung metastases and coping strategies. Methods    We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 31 patients who met the conditions for thermal ablation of lung metastases in Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between October 2019 and December 2020. There were 19 males and 12 females with a mean age of 40-81 (62.8±10.3) years. A total of 33 metastases tumors were thermally ablated, 12 were radiofrequency ablation and 19 were microwave ablation. Results    Of the 33 metastatic tumors, 5 targets showed significant puncture deviation, 4 of them completed the ablation after adjustment and 1 failed. The result of the univariate logistic regression showed the distance within the lung parenchyma (P=0.043) and the maximum diameter of the tumor (P=0.025) were independent risk factors for the accuracy of percutaneous thermal ablation. In terms of correlation, there was a positive correlation between the accuracy of percutaneous thermal ablation and the distance within the lung parenchyma (P=0.033), and a negative correlation between the maximum diameter of metastases tumor (P=0.004) and hemoptysis (P=0.015). Complete ablation rate was 87.8% (29/33). Conclusion    When we perform CT-guided percutaneous thermal ablation of lung metastases, we must fully prepare the deviation plan for the small diameter tumor, the long travel distance in the lung parenchyma, and hemoptysis during puncture. Complete ablation can be achieved by fully identifying the anatomical features of the tumor and its surrounding structures, shortening the travel distance in the lung parenchyma and increasing the ablation range.

Prolonged duration of positive virus-PCR results in patients with COVID-19 may be associated with diabetes mellitus / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To investigate the correlation between concomitant diabetes mellitus and clinical features in patients with COVID-19.Methods:Fifty patients with COVID-19 admitted to the Sixth People′s Hospital of Shenyang were divided into 2 groups with and without diabetes mellitus. Indexes such as hospitalization days, duration of positive virus-PCR result, secondary infection, duration of fever, rate of liver dysfunction, and rate of cardiac injury were compared between 2 groups.Results:The average hospitalization durations of diabetes group and control group were(24.0±6.8) and(18.4±5.9) days, respectively, and the duration of positive virus-PCR testing results were(16.0±4.5) and(12.3±4.4) days respectively, suggesting longer hospital stay and longer time for virus clearance in the diabetes group than those in the control group(both P<0.05). The rates of secondary infection, severe subtype, liver dysfunction and cardiac injury in the diabetes group increased, though without significant difference( P>0.05). Conclusion:Prolonged duration of positive virus-PCR result and average days of hospitalization in patients with COVID-19 may be associated with diabetes mellitus.

Advances in research on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of Paris genus and prediction and analysis of quality markers / 中草药

Paridis Rhizoma is a traditional Chinese medicine, mainly distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other areas of China. Because of its analgesic, hemostatic, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, immune regulation and other functions, it has been widely used in medicine and health products. Therefore, the quality evaluation of Paridis Rhizoma has become an urgent restriction on the development and utilization, which becomes one of the problems to be solved. In this study, the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Paris plants were systematically sorted out, and the quality markers of Paris plants were predicted and analyzed based on the specificity of chemical constituents, the correlation between chemical constituents and pharmacodynamics, the traditional medicinal properties and the measurability of chemical constituents, which provides scientific basis for the quality evaluation of the genus Paris.

Broussonin E suppresses LPS-induced inflammatory response in macrophages via inhibiting MAPK pathway and enhancing JAK2-STAT3 pathway / 中国天然药物

Macrophages play an important role in inflammation, and excessive and chronic activation of macrophages leads to systemic inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. In this paper, we explored the anti-inflammatory effect of broussonin E, a novel phenolic compound isolated from the barks ofBroussonetia kanzinoki, and its underlying molecular mechanisms. We discovered that Broussonin E could suppress the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory production in RAW264.7 cells, involving TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2 and iNOS. And broussonin E enhanced the expressions of anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-10, CD206 and arginase-1 (Arg-1) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Further, we demonstrated that broussonin E inhibited the LPS-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAPK. Moreover, we found that broussonin E could activate janus kinase (JAK) 2, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3. Downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines and upregulated anti-inflammatory factors by broussonin E were abolished by using the inhibitor of JAK2-STAT3 pathway, WP1066. Taken together, our results showed that broussonin E could suppress inflammation by modulating macrophages activation statevia inhibiting the ERK and p38 MAPK and enhancing JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway, and can be further developed as a promising drug for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases such as atherosclerosis.

Evaluation of efficacy of infliximab in the long-term treatment of moderate and severe psoriasis vulgaris / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of long-term treatment with infliximab in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis vulgaris.Methods Patients with moderate to severe psoriasis vulgaris,who started infliximab therapy in Department of Dermatology,Peking University Third Hospital between March 2016 and May 2018,were followed up.The patients treated with infliximab for more than 54 weeks were enrolled into this study.The patients were treated with infliximab at a weight-based dosage of 5 mg/kg,and the total dosage used per session was 200,300 and 400 mg for patients with the body weight of 40-59 kg,60-79 kg,and ＞ 80 kg respectively.The patients were treated at week 0,2,6,14,22,30,38,46 and 54,and the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score was determined before each treatment.Mauchly's test of sphericity,randomized block analysis of variance and Bonferroni method were used to analyze changes of PASI scores after 2-,6-,14-,22-,30-,38-,46-and 54-week treatment.Sequelae and adverse reactions were also recorded.Results Twelve patients received the treatment with infliximab,and 9 patients were treated for more than 54 weeks,whose clinical data were analyzed.Before the treatment,the PASI score (M[P25,P75]) of the 9 patients was 26.3 (23.4,27.7).There were significant differences in the PASI score among different time points (F =7.12,P =0.0004),and the PASI score of the patients showed a generally decreasing trend over time.After 30-week treatment,the PASI score was 4 (2.5,5.2),and the PASI improvement rate was 86.38％ ± 6.98％;of the 9 patients,8 achieved PASI50,7 achieved PASI75,and 2 achieved PASI90.After 54-week treatment,the PASI score was 8 (3.5,8.9),the PASI improvement rate was 64.23％ ± 17.32％,and the number of patients achieving PASI50,PASI75 and PASI90 was 8,4 and 1 respectively.Bonferroni method showed that the PASI score significantly increased at week 54 compared with that at week 30 (t =3.269,P =0.0048),but significantly decreased at weeks 30 and 54 compared with that before the treatment(week 30:t =18.49,P ＜ 0.0001;week 54:t =5.81,P =0.0004).Conclusion Infliximab is remarkably effective for moderate and severe psoriasis vulgaris in the 54-week treatment.

The clinical analysis of drug induced acute angle-closure glaucoma / 天津医药

@# Objective Toinvestigatetheroleofpulmonaryvalvepressuregradientintheestimationofpulmonary arterysystolicpressures(PASP)inpatientswithatrialseptaldefect(ASD). Methods SixtyeightpatientswithASDand hospitalizedinTianjinMedicalUniversityGeneralHospitalwereincludedinthisstudy.Thetricuspidregurgitationpressure gradientmethodwasusedformeasuringPASPbeforeinterventionalocclusionoperation.Andpulmonaryvalvepressure gradientwasmeasuredthroughpulmonaryvalvevelocitytocalculatecorrectedvalues(PASP’),whichwerecomparedwith those(PASPr)obtainedbyrightcardiaccatheterization(RHC)respectively.ThepatientsweredividedintogroupA(defect size≤15 mm) and group B (defect size>15 mm) by the size of defect. The measurements obtained by ultrasound echocardiography(UCG)andRHCwerecomparedbetweenthetwogroups. Results Therewerestatisticallysignificant differencesbetweenPASP[(31.66±6.76)mmHg],PASP’ [(26.86±6.66)mmHg]andPASPr[(28.79±6.43)mmHg]ingroupA (P＜0.05).ThePASPwassignificantlyhigherthanPASPr[(45.29±13.49)mmHg vs. (34.56±9.47)mmHg](P＜0.05),but therewasnosignificantdifferencebetweenPASP’[(37.30±12.71)mmHg]andPASPringroupB(P＞0.05).Valuesof PASPrwerepositivelycorrelatedwithPASP(r=0.664,0.588respectively,P＜0.01)ingroupAandgroupB.Thecorrelation coefficients of PASPr and PASP’were improved in two groups after adjusted with pulmonary valve pressure gradient (respectively r =0.700,0.645, P＜0.01). Conclusion TheadjustedPASPcalculatedbytricuspidregurgitationpressure gradientmethodwithpulmonaryvalvepressuregradientcanimprovetheaccuracyofechocardiographicestimatesofPASPin ASDpatientswiththedefectsize>15mm.

Research on rhizospheric and endophytic actinomycetes in medicinal tree peony(Paeonia suffruticosa) from five producing regions / 中国中药杂志

In this study, Paeonia suffruticosa roots and rhizospheric soil in five geographic regions which were harvested in October were utilized as experimental materials, then the diversity of endophytic and rhizospheric actinomycetes were investigated by High-throughput sequencing technique. The 1 754 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from 129 954 high quality sequences, 1 311 OTUs were detected in rhizospheric actinomycetes and belonged to four classes, four orders, twenty-seven families and ninety-seven genera, thirty-three genera such as Ilumatobacter were found in the five regions rhizospheric soil while three genera such as Longispora were only detected in the Dao-di regions, the dominant genera were Mycobacterium, Nocardioides, Streptomyces. 443 OTUs were obtained in roots and distributed in three classes, three orders, twenty-four families and fifty genera, thirteen genera such as Cryptosporangium were found in the five regions roots while Planosporangium, Luteococcus were only detected in the Dao-di regions, the dominant genera were Nocardioides. Alpha diversity analysis showed that the Shannon and Chao1 index in rhizospheric actinomycetes in Bozhou, Tongling and Nanling region were higher than Heze and Luoyang. Based on principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA) analysis, the rhizospheric actinomycetes formations were similar in Tongling and Nanling region, at the same in Tongling and Luoyang endophytic actinomycetes. According to heatmap analysis, Bozhou, Tongling and Nanling region rhizospheric actinomycetes showed a close similarity in actinomycetes community structures on phylogenetic analysis, while Tongling, Luoyang and Nanling endophytic actinomycetes showed the same. Our results not only suggested that the rich and diverse actinomycetes resources in P. suffruticosa roots and rhizospheric soil but also revealed rhizospheric actinomycetes in the Dao-di regions had high similarity.

Systematic Comparison of Randomized Controlled Trial Study and Observational Study / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To compare randomized controlled trial (RCT) study and observational study systematically, and to provide reference for selecting suitable study design types for clinical researchers. METHODS: RCT study and observational study were compared in respects of study design and study report paradigm. Relevant literatures were retrieved from PubMed database and Chinese Journal Full-text Database. The differences of literature publication of RCT study and observational study were compared at home and abroad. RESULTS: There were differences in design principles, objectives, subjects, interventions and validity between RCT study and observational study. The requirements of CONSORT statemtnt and STROBE statement to the topics, abstracts, introduction, results and discussions of report paradigm of two studies were basically consistent, and main difference of them were in aspects of methods and other information. The number of literatures about RCT study and observational study had little gap at abroad, but had great gap at home, especially in cohort study with high-level evidence of evidence-based medicine. CONCLUSIONS: The observational study has developed rapidly in recent years, but RCT study is still a "gold standard" to evaluate the causal effect of clinical study. The researchers should choose the appropriate type of design according to the actual situation.